Behavioral Design Pattern
Kotlin Design Patterns: Iterator Explained
Purpose of the pattern
Iterator lets you traverse through Collections of elements without exposing the Collection type and traversing direction. The Iterating Responsibility is delegated to separate objects.
It’s beneficial when dealing with complex structures like Graphs where you can iterate over the elements in more than 1 way, like Breadth-First or Width-First.
What do we get from that?
- Single Responsibility, the iterating code is extracted from the Collection.
- Flexibility: you can create generic algorithms based on iterating and use them in your program.
- Each Iterator has its state. You can iterate through the Collection in parallel.
- Open/Closed, you can always add a new Iterator implementation without modifying the existing codebase.
- You can pause the iteration at any point and continue it later.
The biggest drawback is that iterating over objects can be inefficient.
Implementation
Our concrete Collection is Iterable meaning it provides a way to get an Iterator , then we’re able to implement multiple Iterator s and provide them by Iterable . It’s a compelling way to create very generic algorithms based on traversing through Collection .
Usually, we don’t write the Iterators ourselves but use the ones defined in Standard Library.
Example
In your app, you need to iterate through List from the middle, then to the right and the left until there are no elements like this:
This example is a bit different because we want to write an Iterator for a class in the Standard Library, but in reality, that’s what you most likely will have to do in real apps.
We’ll use the Iterator interface from the standard library. The same goes for List :
public interface Iterator<out T> {
public operator fun next(): T
public operator fun hasNext(): Boolean
}
public interface List<out E> : Collection<E> {
// There's too much unnecessary code to show it here
}Now for our Iterator. Please don’t get into the details of the code. What matters is that we’re implementing Iterator<T> interface:
class MiddleListIterator<out T>(
private val list: List<T>,
) : Iterator<T> {
private var cycles = 0
private var previousRight = true
override fun hasNext(): Boolean = if (previousRight) {
list.size / 2 + cycles < list.size
} else {
list.size / 2 - cycles >= 0
}
override fun next(): T = if (previousRight) {
previousRight = false
val element = list[list.size / 2 - cycles]
cycles++
element
} else {
previousRight = true
list[list.size / 2 + cycles]
}
}How to use it?
fun main() {
val list = listOf(4, 2, 0, 1, 3)
val middleIterator = MiddleListIterator(list)
while (middleIterator.hasNext()) {
print("${middleIterator.next()} ") // 0 1 2 3 4
}
// Or use built-in forEach for Iterator
middleIterator.forEach {value ->
print("$value ") // 0 1 2 3 4
}
}We’re even able to use build-in extension functions for Iterator !
If you’re comfortable with the Extension function in your project, you can add it:
fun <T> List<T>.middleIterator() = MiddleListIterator(this)Then you would use it like this:
fun main() {
val list = listOf(4, 2, 0, 1, 3)
list.middleIterator().forEach {value ->
print("$value ") // 0 1 2 3 4
}
}Thanks for reading! Please clap if you learned something, and follow me for more!
Learn more about design patterns:
Based on the book:
“Wzorce projektowe : elementy oprogramowania obiektowego wielokrotnego użytku” — Erich Gamma Autor; Janusz Jabłonowski (Translator); Grady Booch (Introduction author); Richard Helm (Author); Ralph Johnson (Author); John M Vlissides (Author)
